Phonemic Awareness
Hear, identify, and manipulate sounds of spoken words
Phoneme
- Isolation
Recognizes individual sounds in words.
- Identity
Recognizes word with odd sound in a set of word.s
- Categorization
Recognizes word with odd sound in a set of words.
- Blending
Combines sequence of sounds into a single word.
- Segmentation
Breaks a word into separate sounds.
Phonics
Know relationship between letters of written language and sounds of spoken language
Explicit and Systematic Instruction
- Identify useful series of sounds.
- Teach them in a logical sequence.
- Apply sounds to reading and writing.
Fluency
Read text accurately and quickly
Bridge between word recognition and comprehension
- Provide models of fluent reading.
- Provide repeated and monitored oral reading.
Increase practice through audiotapes, peer guidance, tutors, and use of technology.
- Provide a variety of short text passages at student’s independent reading level.
Vocabulary
Words used to communicate effectively or use/recognize in print
Indirect instruction
- Students engage in oral language, listen to adults read to them, and read extensively on their own.
Direct instruction
- Teach individual words and word learning strategies.
- Teach use of dictionaries, glossaries, and thesauruses; how to use word parts; and context clues.
Comprehension
Understand what is read
Comprehension strategies
- Teach students to be aware of what they do and do not understand, & the fix-up strategies.
- Use graphic and semantic organizers.
- Use text explicit/implicit and scriptal questions.
- Teach students to ask their own questions.
- Teach story structure.
- Use summarizing.
Citation
Summarized from Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks for Teaching Children to Read by the National Institute for Literacy.
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