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elementary teacher in lively conversation with students who have hands raised

What Should Be Emphasized at Each Stage of Reading Development?

Familiarity with the five essential components (phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension) in core, comprehensive reading programs is necessary for all teachers of reading. Although all components are needed at all levels, different skills and activities are emphasized at different stages of reading development.

What Works in Comprehension Instruction

What Works in Comprehension Instruction

The National Reading Panel identified three predominant elements to support the development of reading comprehension skills: vocabulary instruction, active reading, and teacher preparation to deliver strategy instruction.

Young girl pointing at text as she reads aloud

What Works in Fluency Instruction

Fluency, reading in a fast and fluid manner, is what often distinguishes to observers the reading performance of a good reader from a poor reader. Find out what the research says about the two most common instructional methods for developing fluency: guided oral reading and independent silent reading.

Word Study Instruction in the K-2 Classroom

Word Study Instruction in the K-2 Classroom

Word study is an approach to spelling instruction that moves away from a focus on memorization. The approach reflects what researchers have discovered about the alphabetic, pattern, and meaning layers of English orthography. This article describes nine tips for implementing a word study program in your classroom.

Elementary kids holding up word study examples in class

Word Study: Learning Word Patterns

“Word study” is an alternative to traditional spelling instruction. It is based on learning word patterns rather than memorizing unconnected words. This article describes the word study approach.

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