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illustration of young girl struggling with reading and writing

Types of Reading Disability

Researchers have identified three kinds of developmental reading disabilities that often overlap but that can be separate and distinct: (1) phonological deficit, (2) processing speed/orthographic processing deficit, and (3) comprehension deficit.

Young boy looking at camera with his chalk drawing in the background

Vocabulary Assessment and Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities

Children with vocabulary weaknesses are especially vulnerable to difficulties with reading comprehension from the middle elementary grades onward. Vocabulary weaknesses may affect school achievement in many areas beyond reading, including written expression, mathematics, and performance in content subjects such as social studies and science.
Young girl in striped short reading a book next to a cat

What Are the Skills for Reading?

Reading ability is determined by many factors, and requires the development of certain skills through early reading instruction to attain initial success and build on it.

elementary teacher working with a small group of students in class

What Is Differentiated Instruction?

Differentiation means tailoring instruction to meet individual needs. Whether teachers differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction.

What Science Offers Teachers of Reading

What Science Offers Teachers of Reading

Review well-established scientific findings about reading and their practical implications, for children with and without reading disabilities. In addition, consider some broader ways that science may be useful to educators and get suggestions for individual teachers interested in becoming more familiar with scientific research on reading.

When to Call Your Child's Teacher

When to Call Your Child’s Teacher

Some parents are reluctant to contact their child’s teacher. Don’t be! A quick conversation or email exchange can go a long way toward resolving issues. Here are three situations where parent contact is a good idea.

illustration of young girl struggling with reading and writing

When Good Kids Get Bad Grades

Tutoring offers kids the special one-on-one attention that busy teachers often can’t provide. From simplehomework help to intensive work on basic skills, tutoring can offer just the boost your childneeds to succeed.

mother and daughter reading books together with stuffed animals

When Kids Hate to Read

Children who aren’t motivated to read can benefit from support at home. Learn what parents can do to make reading a more enjoyable experience for struggling readers in this interview with Dr. Marie Carbo.
illustration of young girl struggling with reading and writing

Why Are So Many Children Having Difficulties?

A child’s background and prior experiences can contribute to increased risk of reading problems. However, the are four factors that hinder reading development regardless of a child’s background. Find out what they are in this brief overview.

elementary teacher working one-on-one with female student

Who Are the Children Who Have Reading Difficulties?

Knowing which children are more likely to be at risk for reading problems allows for early intervention to prevent the majority of these problems from developing. Learn what group and individual factors make certain children at risk.
Elementary boy in yellow plaid shirt taking a test

Who Can Diagnose LD and/or ADHD

Many professionals are involved in the diagnosis of LD: psychologists, educational specialists, and other professionals who work in specialized fields such as speech and language. This article identifies licensure requirements and who can diagnose LD and/or ADHD.

Elementary aged girl looking at laptop with her father

Writing IEP Goals

Learn how to write Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals that are SMART (specific, measurable, use action words, realistic, and time-limited) and based on research-based educational practice.
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